lower heating value การใช้

• Many engine manufacturers rate their engine fuel consumption by the lower heating values.
• In general in service Combined Cycle efficiencies are over 50 % on a lower heating value and Gross Output basis.
• The total efficiencies of cogeneration incinerators are typically higher than 80 % ( based on the lower heating value of the waste ).
• When the lower heating value ( LHV ) is determined, cooling is stopped at 150 癈 and the reaction heat is only partially recovered.
• The lower heating value ( LHV ) is used for internal combustion engine efficiency calculations because the heat at temperatures below cannot be put to use.
• Examples : diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10 % and 7 % respectively, and for natural gas about 11 %.
• The calculation of cell voltage assuming no irreversibilities exist and all of the thermal energy is utilized by the reaction is referred to as the lower heating value ( LHV ).
• A number comparable to the typical Monroney sticker's " pump-to-wheel " fuel efficiency can be calculated based on regulations from the Lower Heating Value ( LHV ) of gasoline ):
• Because of the lower heating value E85 has a cooler intake charge which, coupled with its high stability level from its high octane rating has also been used as a " power adder " in turbocharged performance vehicles.
• This is due to the lower heating value of neat ethanol making it difficult to crank engines in relatively cold climates without pre-heating air intake, faster cranking, or mixing varying fractions of gasoline according to climate.
• The crude-like oil ( or bio-oil ) has high energy density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9 MJ / kg and 5-20 wt % oxygen and renewable chemicals.
• The McIntosh, Alabama CAES plant requires 2.5 MJ of electricity and 1.2 MJ lower heating value ( LHV ) of gas for each MJ of energy output, corresponding to an energy recovery efficiency of about 27 %.
• Using the median value of 0.45 kg / liter, the typical energy density values are 22.5 MJ / liter ( based on higher heating value ) or 20.3 MJ / liter ( based on lower heating value ).
• This volume of CNG at 2, 400 psi has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline ( based on lower heating values : 148, 144 BTU / cu ft of CNG and 115, 000 BTU / gal of gasoline.
• The affordable electricity retail price ( 860 kcal / kWh at 75 % input electricity to shaft power efficiency ) to replace diesel ( lower heating value 8572 kcal / litre at 40 % fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency ) is 9.97 Rs / kWh.
• The affordable electricity retail price ( 860 kcal / kWh at 75 % input electricity to shaft power efficiency ) to replace petrol ( lower heating value 7693 kcal / litre at 33 % fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency ) is 19.06 Rs / kWh.
• Note : Higher heating value ( HHV ) is calculated with the "'product of water being in liquid form "'while lower heating value ( LHV ) is calculated with the "'product of water being in vapor form " '.
• To avoid confusion, the efficiency of heat engines and power stations should be stated relative to the Higher Heating Value ( HHV ) or Lower Heating Value ( LHV ) of the fuel, to include or exclude the heat that can be obtained from condensing the flue gas.
• The electric efficiency of a combined cycle power station, if calculated as electric energy produced as a percentage of the lower heating value of the fuel consumed, may be as high as 58 % when operating new, i . e . unaged, and at continuous output which are ideal conditions.
• Because of the lower heating value of biodiesel, more biodiesel should be burned to produce the equivalent energy of ULSD . Also, due to the presence of high oxygen content in biodiesel fuels, generally biodiesel fuels emit more NO " x " than regular diesel for the same heat generation.